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MAN. 



WALNUT LOGS 

And How to Prepare Them 



AND 



Hardwood Lumber 

AnI^ its Manufacture. 



ANSON A. GARD, 


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OF S. H. GARD'S SONS, 
Produce Exchangb Btjilding, 


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Room 210, NEW yo\ 




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PRICE, 25 CENTS'. 


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PUBLISHED BY > 







rUBLlSMKlJ BY ^ \ 

The Nhw York Lumber Trade Journal^^ ^ 

72 Wall Street, '. 

New York. / 



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Copyrighted, 1888, by ANSo|t A. Gard 



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PREFACE. 

In preparing the following pages I have 
aimed to answer the many and varied 
questions asked by hundreds of corres- 
pondents who have written in response 
to my advertisement : ' ' Wanted Walnut 
Logs and Hardwood Lumber." Knowing 
that the same questions often arise in the 
minds of others, I take this means of reach- 
ing all wh© may be instructed by the an- 
swers. Having passed through all the 
different stages of a lumberman, from 
wielding the axe, in the forests of Ohio, up 
through the sawing of the lumber to its 
disposal, in this, the most exacting of mar- 
kets, I can claim a practical rather than a 
theoretical knowledge. I trust that my 
experience may prove of benefit to all in- 
to whose hands this little volume may 
chance to fall. 

Anson A. Gard. 

10 East 14th St., New York City. 



PART FIRST. 



WALNUT LOGS 

AND 

HOW TO PREPARE THEM 



Few seem to know what an export log 
should be, but the number who think they 
know includes about all who have never 
before gottan out logs for export. These 
latter think that if a log is the required 
length and diameter it will pass, and that 
they should receive the quoted high price 
for it, and will feel, when the returns are 
received, that they have not been treated 
squarely. They forget that rough, crook 
ed, knotty logs make only cull lumber, 
and that when any market is over-stocked 
with just such timber, when at the best 
there is no demand for it, the price at 
which it will sell is very low indeed. 

An export log must be straight, sound, 
free from large limb, or rotten knots, free 



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from heart checks or wind shakes and 
should not be cut shorter than 10 feet 
and as few under 12 feet as possible. 

SAW THE TREE DOWN. 

When the tree is selected to be felled, 
a notch should be cut in on the side to- 
ward which you wish to "throw " it, the 
centre of the notch should be cut in to- 
ward the heart much deeper than the 
sides ; when this is done start your saw a 
little above a line with the opposite notch 
and cut straight through. A tree can, not 
only be sawed down quicker than it can 
be cut w4th the axe, but when down it 
is also " butted," thus saving much extra 
work. 

HOW TO MARK OFF THE LOGS TO THE BEST 
ADVANTAGE. 

When the tree has been felled, mark it 
off so that each log will be straight. This 
can usually be done even in crooked 
trees, unless the crook be a short one, in 
which case cut it out and use the piece for 
balusters. By cutting the logs 10, 12, 14 
and 16 feet, the full length of the tree can 
be worked up to good advantage. When 



it can be done, as before mentioned, make 
as many of the logs 12 feet long as you 
can, as this length is best for export logs 
and also the best length for lumber. 

CUT THE LOG STRAIGHT ACROSS. 

Often when a tree is felled it may lie on 
a side hill, in whicli case care must be tak- 
en not to cut the logs slant ways, which 
you are sure to do if \ ou let the saw "run." 

don't be "STINGY." 

Many a woodsman, in order to save an 
inch, loses a foot. He measures his log 
exactly, to the foot mark, which is all 
right (although a log should be an inch 
over) providing he can run his saw " true," 
but nine out of ten sawyers will run to 
the right or to the left, and the bottom 
of the log may lack just enough to lose 
a foot. So I say don't be stingy, when it 
will pay you to be a little generous. 

LOGS SHOULD BE HEWN. 

In some markets there is a duty on logs 
when they have been squared on the mill, 
while the same log will go duty free if 
hewn, besides a log looks better when prop- 
erly dressed with the broad axe. 



HOW TO DRESS A LOG. 

Too great care cannot be taken in se- 
lecting logs for shipping, as one or two 
questionable ones may reduce the value 
of a car load more than their value, while 
the freight on them is just as much aa 
for the good ones, thus you lose both logs 
and freight. Therefore make it a rule not 
to select a log about which you have the 
least doubt of it passing. Having selected 
your logs, draw them to the railroad if 
you ship by rail, and there hew them on 
four sides to show a face as per diagram 
taking care to use a large draw knife to 
smooth off the corners of the wanes, hav- 
ing first removed all bark therefrom. 

PAINT THE ENDS. 

When the logs are ready to ship, the 
ends should be painted with an inexpensive 
red paint. This not only prevents, to 
some extent, the logs cracking, but give* 
them a better appearance. 

LOGS SHOULD BE MARKETED AS SOON AS 
HEWED, 

I [^Just as soon as you have logs ready, 



10 

load them at once ; they will then come to 
market looking fresh and will please the 
buyer far better than if they have been 
allowed to become weather-beaten and 
sun-cracked. The logs may cut out as 
much lumber and the lumber may be 
just as good, but when a load of w^eather- 
beaten logs comes to market it is surpris- 
ing the difference 'in price they will bring. 
This is especially so in logs sent to foreign 
markets, where they are put up at auction 
to buyers who in the hurry and rush of a 
sale don't have time to carefully examine 
the lot, but who have to go by the looks, 
so that many a better lot of logs sells for 
less money than an inferior one well 
dressed and fresh looking. 

HOW TO HAUL LOGS. , 

In a country where snow covers the 
ground during the long winter months 
no one need be told to use a sled or drag, 
but where snow is the exception, or where 
it is never seen, a wagon must be used. 
There are wagons and wagons. I have 
been in countries where a regular log 
wagon would have been a curiosity. Here 
he loggers have from time without date 



11 

hauled thf^ir logs on the high- wheeled farm 
wagon. 

Two men are required, as the high wheel 
and sometimes both wheels on one side 
must be taken off, and the axles propped 
up. After much bother the log is finally 
loaded, and if more than one is to be taken 
on the load, the same process must be 
gone through with and when the mill yard 
is reached, the wheel or wheels must again 
be removed. No one who follows logging 
can afford to use such a wagon when 
they can get one with which one man 
can do twice as much work in a day and 
do it easy to himself. This is the low, 
broad tread log truck, requiring only to 
be driven alongside the log, "skids "run 
down from the tops of the wheels, the 
chain thrown under the log and back 
again to the opposite side of the wagon, 
then fastened to the "stretchers," the 
horses started, and your log is landed on 
the bolsters, and all in half the time re- 
quired by the old tedious way. Count- 
ing the extra man and the time wasted, 
one could pay for a log wagon in a very 
short time. Another advantage is that the 



12 

tire or tread being broad, a much larger 
load can be hauled over soft ground, as 
the wheels do not " cut in" like a narrow 
tread. 

Logs or Lumber ? 

" Which will pay me the better, to shij) 
my Walnut in the log or saw it into lum- 
ber ?" This question is the first one asked 
when the owner of Walnut timber is 
ready to make disposal of his wood. 

The answer to the above will depend 
entirely on the given lot of trees. If they 
run large and smooth, it will pay to ship 
them in the log, but if there are but few 
large trees and many small ones, it will 
pay to saw them into lumber, as the large 
logs will enhance the value of the product 
more than can be realized from selling in 
the log, even at the higher price at which 
the logs would sell. There are many ad- 
vantages in selling logs instead of sawing 
them — other things being equal. In the 
first place the tree can be cut down and 
the logs delivered in market almost as soon 
as it could be sawed into lumber, thus 
gaining all the time required for sticking 



13 

up and drying,' five months at least saved, 
which to one of moderate means is a long 
while to wait. 

Again, every producer of lumber will 
always prefer to know how much his stock 
will bring as it runs. When sold in the 
log, there is but one price, while if sawed 
into lumber the same log is sold at three 
and in some markets at four prices, and 
the aggregate price governed by an in- 
spector who may never have seen a Wal- 
nut tree grow. 

TELL WHAT YOU HAVE TO SELL AND WHAT 
YOU WANT FOR IT. 

Don't write to a log buyer or lumber 
dealer and say, "I have some logs,' or 
"some lumber; what will you pay for 
them? " or " it " as the case may be. The 
fact that " it is good stuff !" don't convey 
any notion of what it is, or what it is 
worth. Take for illustration of how you 
should write to inform a buyer tnat you 
have logs for sale : 
Mr. A. 

Dear Sir : 

I have, now ready 
to ship, two carloads of Walnut logs. 



14 

fresh hewed and in good order. There 
are 26 logs in the lot and they measure 
as follows : (Give lengths and diameters, 
being careful not to measure more than 
they contain). I will deliver these at (give 
point of destination) for $ — per M feet. 
Yours, etc., 

J. S. 

When the buyer receives this letter he 
knows that ''J. S. "has some logs: he 
knows how many , and what they contain ; 
he knows that the writer means business, 
for he has put a price on his stock, and 
the result will be that J. S. will sell, and 
have the money invested in more trees, be- 
fore the man who says: "||I've got some- 
thing, what will you give me for it?" will 
even^'get a reply to his letter. This is an 
age when men must be definite, if they 
would succeed — the man who don't tell 
what he has to sell will be passed by the 
one who lets the buyer know what he has 
to offer and what he wants for it. 

One word of advice to J.S. and others who 
may write what they have to offer. Don't 
say that you have two cars of logs, that one 
will run twenty-four inches and larger, for 



15 

which you will take $- per M . , and one car 
twenty to twenty-three inches at $ — , and 
in shipping them put some of the small 
ones in the higher priced car and expect 
to get the higher price for them, just be- 
cause they were all together. This would 
seem unnecessary advice ; had I not had 
a recent case of this kind I never would 
have thought that it could occur. 

POPLAR LOGS. 

Poplar — or miscalled Whitewood — logs 
are now being exported from localities 
where the rate of freight will w^arrant 
theri shipment. The same rule for the 
preparation of Walnut logs will apply t# 
Poplar. They must be evenly hewed on 
four sides and the wanes smoothly 
dressed. 

I would call the attention *of the hewer 
to one point in particular in preparing the 
log. Don't cutaway too much of the wood, 
i. e., don't square the log, as by some 
measurements there is a great loss over 
Scribner. A point in question. Two cars 
of Poplar logs, measured here by Scribner, 
have just been rejected in a German mar- 



16 

ket on account of being too much squared. 
Thus not only a loss of wood, but a sale 
lost. 

CHERRY LOGS. 

Different from Walnut, Poplar, Gum 
and such other rough bark woods. Cherry- 
is shipped round. This may also be said of 
what few Ash logs there are exported. 

WHEN TO CUT TIMBER. 

"When the sap is at work building up 
new tissues, making new leaves and twigs, 
the tree when felled is most apt ta 
"check" when made into logs. For this, 
reason valuable timbers should be cut be- 
fore the middle of March, in this climate,, 
and earlier in the far South, then in July 
or August, when the sap has done its work 
and is at rest, you may begin and con- 
tinue till March again. It is well in mak- 
ing Walnut logs to have a bucket of glue 
water and broad brush, and as soon as 
the log is sawed off " size "the ends, which 
when dry tends to keep out the air and 
prevents checking. This " sizing " is sim- 
ply made with ordinary glue dissolved in 
hot water and made very thin. 

Much more could be said on the subject 



17 

of logs, but it would not change the one 
important fact that only good ones are re- 
quired, and poor ones will ever prove a 
risk to a shipie*. If you who have logs 
will bear this fact in mind you will find 
that it 'will pay you a large per cent, in 
satisfaction and the buyer will never tell 
you : " He has enough of your stock," 



18 
GARDS LOG RULE. 



The log rule used more generally, per- 
haps, than all others is the Doyle, or as 
better known, " Scribner by Doyle." In 
the following rule, which in the result is 
about the same as Doyle's for the larger 
logs, I have made the smaller to contain 
in the aggregate more lumber, as it is well 
known that a small log will cut out more 
than Doyle gives . In the larger logs the 
result, as above stated, is about the same, 
but much simpler in counting up a row 
of figures, as a glance at the rule will 
show. Logs are by custom always meas- 
ured at the small end, and in Walnut logs 
the sap is either measured or not, as 
agreed to by the buyer and seller. There 
are a number of other rules in this coun- 
try, but I have found the following more 
nearly correct than any of them. 

As logs are seldom cut more than 34 
feet I have made that the limit. If you 
should have one 30 feet long and 24 inches 
in diameter, you have but to take the 
contents of a 15 feet log, 24 inches in di- 
ameter, and double its contents. This will 
hold good in any other length over 24 feet 



19 



LOG TABLE— GARD'S RULE. 

LOGS REDUCED TO INCH BOARD MEASURE. 



5S 


OiOOiOOOiCOiOOOiOOiCOOlC 
C0'<:h:0t-Ci'r-(C?^10t-a5O0?e0i0i>'Q0 


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TH.^T-n-iTHr-iTHC<iWC<JGQO"iC<J05COCOCO 


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OTHOiCO^Ot-QOOiT-iCviCO'^Ot-GOOS 
■rHT-HT-lrHT-lT-li-lTH-rHCNiC<J<MOiOiC<)'WO"i 


i- 


^^iSililliSiliiii 


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1—ItHt— It—It— It-Ht—It-Ii— IT— ItH 


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OiOCDC-r-QOOiOlOOT-cMC^JJOCC'^iO 


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00050THC«CO'rt<iOiX>{>OOC50T-ic:?CO'* 



20 



LOG TABLE— GARD'S RULE. 

LOGS REDUCED TO INCH BOARD MEASURE. 



^^l0l-0OC0i>t-G0a005OOT-iTH0?C<i 



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21 



LOG TABLE— GARD'S RULE. 

LOGS REDUCED TO INCH BOARD MEASURE. 





LO 10 LO LO LO LO LO 10 IC LO 10 LO iO 10 10 

XJOiO^C^i-.-^O^t-OOCiOT-tC^CO;;^ 
OOC»^^OO^iOCOC;;OOOiOg^^gO^^^ 


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.=; r-1 1 X) t- 10 ^ 0^ tH 30 t- iO rf 0? -^ 01 00 ir- 10 

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lOOO-rHOSC-LOCO-^Cit-lD^O^OXCD-^ 
?0t-G0CX:)05OT-H0.">CQC0^1OO^-t-000i 


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?D«DJr-a005050i-HO^COCO'*iOO<:0!t-GO 


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10:0C-t-a00iOOTH<CiC0C0Tt<L0t0«5C' 


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LCG TABLE— GARD'S RULE. 



T-t CO 

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C9 CO 






LOGS REDUCED TO INCH BOARD MEASURE. 

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PART SECOND. 



HARDWOOD LUMBER, 

AND ITS MANUFACTURE. 



If the manufacturer of Hardwood lum- 
ber would pay the same attention to his 
business as the Pine man does to his, there 
would be less dissatisfaction about the in- 
spection of his lumber. If he learned the 
requirements of this or any other mar- 
ket he would know that to please, he 
must send his product in in good condition. 
There are too many sawyers of Hardwood 
who have merely "picked up " the *' trade " 
the result is that many a No. 1 log, which 
if handled as a Pine sawyer would handle 
it would turn out valuable lumber, but 
instead it is not sawed with judgment and 
the result is one-half its value is gone, and 
even the good is not extra. To know how 
to properly put a "carriage" on its foun- 
dation so that j't will run true; to know how 



24 

to set a saw with just enough "set" to 
cut smooth, even lumber; to know how to 
put a log on the carriage to cut as few 
" heart " boards as possible; to know when 
to "turn " a log — in short, to know how 
to get the best results out of logs is not in 
the power of him who has merely "picked 
up" his trade, and the sooner this is learned 
by the manufacturer of valuable lumber, 
the better for the credit side of his bank 
account. 

The prevailing custom of paying a 
stated price per thousand feet for sawing 
is another cause of much poorly sawed 
lumber. The sawyer may know his busi- 
ness thoroughly, but to work up to his 
knowledge may require more- extra time 
than he is willing to devote to ' ' the other 
man's " interests, and the result is he does 
a good day's work in the number of feet 
he has sawed, but the man for whom the 
work was done doubly pays for it. How 
much better it would be for both mill 
owner and the man who is having the 
work done could they agree on a stated 
price per hour. It may seem a broad as- 
sertion, but I venture to say that by this 



25 

arrangement the man for whom the saw- 
ing is done — providing the logs sawed be 
valuable timber — will gain enough to pay 
for the whole day's sawbill, as by this 
plan the sawyer can see advantages to be 
taken of a log which never would have 
occurred to him if quantity instead of 
quality were taken into consideration. The 
mill owner who saws his own logs need 
not be told that care must be taken, 
and yet many will "butcher" their own. 
timber as though they were not sa^xdng 
money out of their own pockets every 
hour they run their mills. These are the 
men who want the lumber buyers from 
the large markets to pay them the same 
price that the careful sawyer gets for his 
product, and will think they have not been 
fairly dealt with if they are made to pay 
for their own mistake. 

How TO Saw a Walnut Log. 

, I have tried many ways for getting the 
most good lumber out of logs, and find 
this is best: first take off a slab, turn the 
slab side down upon the carriage and saw 
the log through past the heart until you 



26 

get a clear face if the log be a good one, then 
turn it over against the head blocks and 
saw until you have a wide clear facp, 
which may leave a plank two, three or four 
inches thick, owing to the size of the log. 
Then take the sawed boards or plank and 
after running the head blocks back 24 or 
more inches, place the boards or planks, 
whichever you have sawed, so that the 
saw will edge them properly. To deter- 
mine just where the saw will come may be 
done by "sighting," or better still by the 
man at either block using a two foot 
measure, which placed across the board, 
back to the block, will show how far out 
to place it (the board); treat the other edge 
the same way and if the heart runs straight 
enough not to cut away too much lumber, 
saw it out. A better way to edge lumber, 
but requiring extra machinery,) is to have 
attached to the mill an edging saw bench. 
In this way the lumber can be edged as 
fast as the log is sawed and where a mill 
can be so provided the result will show 
that it pays well. 

Of course where the logs are poor so 
much care is not necessary, but one thing 



37 

I have paid dearly to learn and that is, no 
log can be too poor to neglect to 

Saw Full Thickness. 

Thousands of dollars have been lost in 
not urging upon the sawyer the great im- 
portance of sawing full. There is a double 
loss in thin lumber. It drops one grade 
if inch, and will often be refused alto- 
gether, while, on the other hand, if a car 
load of lumber is plump, but really a little 
inferior, its thickness will often sell it, so 
that a manufacturer cannot urge too em- 
phatically upon his sawyer to be liberal 
in thickness. A stout 1-16 for fg and 1 
inch and a scant }^ for inch and a quarter 
and inch and a half, and full % for two 
inch; for three and four inch 3-16 is not 
too much; better be too thick than too 
thin. 

Saw Even Thickness. 

A careless sawyer will often allow his 
log to " cant "out, making one edge^of the 
board plump while the other edge may 
lack just enough to spoil the board for 
the grade into which its quality would 
place it. This same result more often 



28 

occurs from the carnage not being proper- 
ly set in place or again the saw may heat 
and "run." A good sawyer will see that 
everything is kept in perfect order and 
stop at once to adjust his mill at the first 
mis-cut board. 

How TO Stick Lumber. 

Not a mill man in the country but avIio 
can tell(?) just how to properly stick lum- 
ber, and when to stick it, and yet when 
the lumber is marketed it shows that some 
of the many have made a grave mistake, 
especially so in the case of Poplar, and 
other light colored lumber. In sawing 
Poplar, when it is green with sap, it should 
bejstuck up at once, as if left piled to- 
gether it will " sap color" in a few hours. 
"Haven't time " will not answer! If you 
care to get the full value of your lum- 
ber, you must stick it up as fast as sawed. 
This is true of Oak, and in fact of all lum- 
ber affected by sap. Lumber manufac- 
turers often wonder why their stock is 
not as bright and nice as some they have 
seen. If these same men continue to saw 
their lumber and pile it close together and 



29 

leave it until they have time to stick it 
up, then I can assure them they will spend 
the rest of their days wondering. This 
should be the order in importance with 
them, first how to keep the lumber bright, 
then next how to saw it properly. 

Use Narrow Strips, 
And under no circumstances may they be 
green, as they will most certainly color 
the wood w^herever they touch and if left 
too long will rot it. If you have no dry 
sticks and are on a railway line, buy a car 
load and run them to your uiill; it will be 
money well spent, and the first sawing 
you do let it be on a good supply of stick- 
ing lath, which will soon be dry enough 
to use. 

Walnut should be piled together as soon 
as sawed and will receive no injury if not 
stuck up for some time after sawing. The 
sap seems to dry out faster w^hen finally 
the lumber is put on sticks than if stuck 
right from the saw. 

To Dry Lumber Fast. 

If you have plenty of mill yard room 
pile your lumber thus: Set the piling 



30 

blocks at least a foot from the ground 
and with sufficient fall to let the rain run 
off readily when the pile is finished and 
covered. Begin by laying the first course 
with the boards say 6 inches apart if wide 
and the narrow ones put two together, 
and build the pile in this order, so that 
when finished the spaces started in the first 
course will run to the top of the pile. The 
openings will be so many chimneys, dry- 
ing out the lumber more in one month 
than in three months the old way. Start 
the next pile at least twenty inches away 
and so continue covering your yard and 
you will be surprised how soon you can 
begin shipping dry lumber. One point 
more in the sticking of lumber in which 
there are sappy boards; instead of placing 
these boards away in the centre of the pile 
they should be put on the outside as far as 
possible, so that they will get the more 
air, and again, these boards should be laid 
with the sap side down. It may seem use- 
less advice, but a glance into the mill 
yards of some of the smaller mill owners 
will show that they may well be told to 
stick each length lumber together. 



31 

No mill is complete without an " evener." 
It pays for itself Diany times over, as 
where each board in a car comes into mar- 
ket exactly even length, it is no trouble to 
find a buyer. The enterprising mill man 
is finding this out to his profit. 
How TO Ship Lumber. 
When you have cut your logs good 
lengths, carefully sawed them into even 
lumber, and properly stuck it up and have 
it ready for shipping ; you have then only 
reached that point where you will begin 
receiving a return for your labors. If you 
have done your work well, your returns 
will show it, as good lumber is always in 
demand. But if you have allowed your 
logs to be run to the mill with no care 
about square ends, and have had them 
sawed in a careless manner, or if after hav- 
ing used all precautions up to this point, 
to get good lumber, you fail to care for it 
properly after it leaves the saw, then 
your returns will also show it. Poor 
stock requires a special sale for every car, 
while one car of good lumber only opens 
the way for as many as the buyer may 
need. 



33 

If you ship your lumber " all rail," load 
it with even ends showing, so that a good 
impression is given when the car is opened, 
as many a buyer will judge the lumber by 
the way it is loaded, on the principle that 
one who will load a car in a careless man" 
ner will also manufacture the same way. 
Unless so ordered, a car should not con- 
tain mixed lengths, i. e., 10, 12, 14 and 16 
feet, all thrown in together, as so many 
shippers are wont to load it. If different 
lengths must be shipped, load each one by 
itself and not promiscuously. It looks bet- 
ter and will sell far more readily. 

TELL what's in A CAR. 

Don't write to your consignee and say, 
" I've just shipped you a car of lumber." 
Tell him wliat you have sent as nearly as 
possible. Say : "I have loaded a car of 
[give the kind] lumber for you, containing 
the following." Then give number of 
feet, number of pieces, thickness, length, 
how well seasoned, and any general re- 
marks you may think will aid the seller in 
describing the lumber to a customer. If 
the stock is at all desirable, it will be sold 
by the time it arrives, and can be ordered 



83 

at once direct to its destination, with no 
demurrage or storage charges to eat into 
the profits. To merely say, " I've sent 
you some Juinber," or, worse still, not to 
say anything^about it, the consignee really 
knows nothing until he sees the stock, 
and must find a place for it, after it ar- 
rives, requiring so much time that very 
often it will have to be stored, which means 
that you have either bo ^ght your lum- 
ber at a very low price or that you and the 
profits are to remain strangers. 

SEND BUT ONE GRADE. 

It may be some trouble to select the 
grades, but it will pay to do so. One car 
of "log run" Poplar or Walnut will re- 
quire more time to sell than it will take 
to dispose of ten. of all one grade lumber ; 
beside this it will cost far more money to 
handle it, as it must be carted to as many 
different places as there are grades in the 
car. The above will apply as well to 
thicknesses, as 

ONLY ONE THICKNESS 

should be sent in the same car. While 
flve men may want a car of inch lumber, 



34 

it will be hard to find one who will care 
for a car J with three or four thicknesses; 
especially is this true of Poplar. 

don't sell what you cannot furnish. 

If mill men would be held clooe to their 
contracts, the above advice would be but 
useless words The men to whom this 
does not apply need not take it to them- 
selves, as I only wish to talk to the mill 
man who will positively agree to fill a 
specific order at a stated time, and when 
he finds it inconvenient to furnish the 
stock, quietly drops it, as though he had 
not given his word to furnish it. He 
forgets that the other man, especially 
if he should be a novice, may have in 
turn sold the order to arrive at a stated 
time, and not being able to furnish it, 
must pay for any loss occasioned by not 
filling the contract. Do what you agree 
to do. It may cost you money the first 
deal, but you will be placed upon the list of 
*' square men," and you can always drive a 
better bargain for it, as you can be counted 
upon and your trade will be sought after. 



35 



WHAT RAILROAD TO PATRONIZE. 

Many of my readers are located where 
they can have a choice of roads over which 
to send their lumber to market. It is not 
always the one with the most agreeable 
agent at the point of shipment who should 
get the patronage. It is the road that will 
aim to give you full value for your 
money, and be willing to promptly adjust 
an error where one has been made, and 
not tire you out by a species of red tape cal- 
culated to discourage you from ever again 
trying to get back what it has taken from 
your profits. Again, choose the road that 
will handle your lumber in lightering as 
though it were of value, and not to be. 
thrown about and split by careless han- 
dling. 

All shippers should see that the agent 
writes across the bill of lading 

"LIGHTERAGE FREE," 

as most roads now will give free lighter- 
age where it is so written across the bill. 
Otherwise there is an extra charge of 3 
to 43^ cents per hundred pounds. 

In these papers I may have said many 
things which would seem to be unneces- 



36 

sary, but there is not an absurd line in 
all the number, as each one will fit into 
some particular instance. To those who 
already know the requirements of this 
and other particular markets — and all 
markets are each year calling for better 
manufactured Hardwood lumber — I do 
not ask to take my advice to themselves, 
as I have been talking to that mill man 
who blindly works on year after year, 
wondering why he don't succeed. I want 
him to stop wondering and do his work 
better — do it as his successful competitor 
does his. It may require more care, but 
his bank account will show that he has 
stopped working for nothing. 



37 



WEIGHT OF LUMBER. 



Shippers are often at a loss to know 
what it will cost them to market their 
lumber, even after they know the rate 
of freight from any given point. The 
following will be found to be a useful ta- 
ble. It is not infallable as lumber differs 
in weight owing to the degree of dryness, 
but it will be found quite accurate. 

EXPLANATION OF TABLE. 

First will be found the'name of the wood 
then its weight seasoned, after which 
what the freight will be at 1 cent per hun 
dred lbs. at 5 cents per hundred and last 
ly, at 10 cents per^hundred. With its Ic. 
5c. and 10c. given, any other rate can eas 
ily be calculated. Example : What will 
be the freight on 1,000 feet of Poplar on 
23c. rate? Since 1,000 feet weigh 2,750 
lbs, it will cost two 10c. and three Ic. as 
per the table, — i. e., at 10c. it will cost 
$2.75, at Ic. 271^ cts.; therefore, two 10c. 



38 

will be $5.50 and three Ic. will be 823^ 
cents, or $6.33i^ per M. feet. 



Ash 

Beech 

Birch. 

Basswood 

Butternut 

Cherry 

Chestnut 

Cedar 

Cottonwood 

Cypress 

Dogwood 

Ebony 

Elm 

Hemlock 

Hickory 

Holly 

Mahogany . . , 

Maple 

Oak 

Pine, Pitch.., 
Pine, White.. 
Pine, Yellow, 

Poplar 

Sycamore . . . , 
Walnut 



Weight 


Ic. 


5c. 


jseas'n'd 
3,500 


rate. 


rate. 


$1 75 


4,500 


45 


2 25 


3,000 


30 


1 50 


2,250 


22i< 


1 121^ 


2,200 


22 


1 10 


3.500 


35 


1 75 


3,000 


30 


1 50 


3,000 


30 


1 50 


3,000 


30 


1 50 


3,000 


30 


1 50 


4,000 


40 


2 00 


7,000 


70 


3 50 


3.000- 


30 


1 50 


2,000 


20 


1 00 


4,500 


45 


2 25 


4.500 


45 


2 25 


4,500 


45 


2 25 


4,300 


43 


2 15 


4,500 


45 


2 25 


4,000 


40 


2 00 


2,750 


^^K 


1 37K 


3,200 


32 


1 60 


2,750 


27K 


1 37K 


4,000 


40 


2 00 


3,500 


35 


1 75 



lOc. 
rate. 

$3 50 



4 50 
3 00 
2 25 

2 20 

3 50 
3 00 
3 00 
3 00 



39 



62 



OOOiOOOOOOOOOOiO-rJHO 
O O to i-; CO O O 00 CI O CO '^ O i^ C^ CO 
^ CO* CO' CQ Ci Ci Ci T-i 



^ 



OOlOi>iOOOOlOOiOOlOt-C<?lO 
O»0i>C0T-iOO^^i0T-iCQ0JC0T-iTH 



tH\ r-i\lN|0 

OOiCt^C0OOG0OOC0^i01>C^C0 
Ttl CO CO 03 CJ G<J CVJ .-H 



oooooooooooooooo 

OOOIOOOOOOOOOOIO-^HO 
O 0_ lO £> CO O O^OO OO^CO-^iOt-WCO 

'^'' CO* CO*" c^' co' c<r c<f i-T 






I' I 



a; C 

CL "a> 



be 



oj^ 'So 









40 



WEIGHTS OF DOOBS, SASH AND BLINDS. 



Size. 



4 panel, 2-6x6 6. 

4 '• 2-8x6-8. 
4 " 2-10x6-10. 
4 '* 3x7. 



1 3-16 


13-8 


82 lb. 


35 lb. 


u '• 


38 " 


3-) " 


43 " 


3S •' 


48 " 



_13-4_ 
47 lb. 
50 " 
54 " 

60 " 



Four panel, 2 it. In. x G f r. 6 in., 26 lb. 

FOUR litOHT WINDOWS, CHECK RAIIi, 



Size. 



12x24 
12 X 28. 
12x32. 
12 X 36. 
14x30. 
14 X 32. 
14 X 34. 
14 X 36. 



'Ss^-lGta'-^ll 


13 8 


21!^ lb. 
24 " 
26 " 






30 " 




28 ♦• 




305^ " 




35 '♦ 


" 


33 " 



Un- 
glazed. 
11 lb. 
\1}6 " 

13 " 

14 " 
11% •' 
12M " 
131^ " 

15 " 



EIGHT LIGHT WINDOV/S. 



Xl2. 

Xl4.. 

xl6 

xl4.. 

xl6.. 

xl8.. 

x20 



138 


17 lb. 




19 " 




22 " 




23 " 




24 " 




27 " 




32 " 



8 lb. 

11 " 

12 " 

11 " 

12 " 

13 *' 

14 " 



TWELVE LIGHT WINDOWS. 



8x10. 

9x32. 

9x12 
10 X 14. 
10x16 
10x18 



13 16 


14 lb. 


•' 


18 " 


138 


21 " 




26 " 


" 


27 " 


" 


33 " 



6 1b. 



BLINDS, 


TWELVE LIGHT WINDOWS. 


8 X 10 




1 3-16 


141b. 


9 X 12 




17 " 


lOx 14 


20 " 


10 X 16 .... 


22 '* 


lOx 18 


24 " 


10 X 20 


27 " 











s ^ 

O 3 



CO 

1^ 



MouldiugS, 1x1 in., per 100 ft. lineal, 16 lb. 



41 



PART THIRD, 



SQUARES. 

Around every saw mill there is always 
a lot of odds and ends of Walnut to be 
found, which can be cut into squares to 
good profit, since tbey cost but the time 
and labor of sawing them. Small logs and 
large tops of trees may also be cut into 
squares, and if carefully sawed, will pay 
for the labor of collecting. To saw squares 
to advantage, a mill must be provided with 
a small saw bench with rip and cut-off 
saws. The latter should be arranged to 
swing. 

Squares must be in a manner perfect, 
free from sap and knots, and cut true and 
full thickness. If, however, a small knot 
or a little sap appear on the corners, or 
where it will turn off, it will pass, but there 
will always be a question as to how little or 
how much will be allowed. Therefore, to 



42 

be sure of a sale in the one case, cut off the 
knot and make the square one length 
shorter, and in the otlier, cut off the sap 
and make it the next size smaller. 

They should always be made a little 
longer than the length to be used, in order 
that the ends can be squared. 

AH short lengths and sizes under 4 inches 
should be bundled and tied with tarred 
twine, as the time it takes at the mill where 
labor is cheap is far more than made up 
where it costs 25 to 40 cents an hour to 
handle them one at a time. 

NEWELS. 

In cutting newels, never leave the heart 
in any piece, with the impression that it 
can be bored out and serve as well as 
though it had been clear. It is possible 
you may find a buyer, but the chances are 
that it will take so long to find him that 
your newels will be worthless from split- 
ting, by the time he is found. This is 
true also of lumber. Never cut heavy 
lumber from the heart. It will split in 
drying. 



43 
SIZES OF SQUARES. 

Some sized squares are used the same 
lengths in all markets, while again other 
sizes are peculiar to particular markets. 

NEW YORK SIZES. 
Chair and Lounge Stock. 
IMxlM, 16, 18 inches, Walnut. 
11^x11^, 18,24 - 
1/^-^x15.^, 18 " '' • 

1^x13^, 18 

2x2, 14, 18, 24 inches Walnut and Cherry. 
2}ix2l4, 12, 24 *' 
3^x23^, 12, 24 '* 

BALUSTERS. 

Walnut, Cherry, Ash. 

l%xl%^ one-fourth 28, three-fourths, 32. 

l^xlM, " 

2 x2, 
2Mx2i^. 
21^x21^, 

3 x3. 
Any multiple of the above lengths will 

do if allowance is made for cutting off to 
the proper length. 



44 

TABLE LEGS. 
Walnut, Cherry, Ash. 
3x3, 28. 

NEWELS. 
Walnut, Cherry, Ash, Poplar. 

4x4, 12, 14, 16 feet long. 

5x5, >' " " 

6x6, " " " 

7x7, '• ♦' " 

8x8, " " " 

PHILADELPHIA SIZES. 

This market differs from New York in 
two particulars. The balusters run one- 
fourth 32 in. and three-fourths 36 in., and 
will take newel posts 4 feet long ; i. e., 
it does not object to them that length, 
while New York does. Other markets use 
about the same as the two given, with pos- 
sibly some minor differences. Of all the 
sizes, the balusters are the best, since the 
proportion used is so much greater than 
the other dimensions. 



45 
SIZES FOR THE ENGLISH MARKET. 

The following are the prevailing sizes 
called for in (he English markets : 

2 x2x 163^ and 28. 
2^x21^x101^, 161^ and 28. 
2^x2J4xl(i^ and 28. 

3 x3 xlOi^ and 28. 
33^x33^x26, 5 per cent. 

4 x4 x26, 45 per cent. 
43^x43^x26, 20 per cent. 

5 x5 x26, 12 per cent. 
53^x51^x26, 9 per cent. 

6 x6 x26, 9 per cent. 

The demand for the first three sizes is 
always good, the next size is fair, and for 
the others, I have followed each by about 
tlie per cent, of the demand for that partic- 
ular size. 

In sawing, bear in mind that these 
lengths or any multiples will be taken. 
The longer the square can be cut the bet- 
ter, and the larger the more valuable it is. 

SIZES FOR THE GERMAN MARKET. 

This market is a distributing point for 
Russia and all the surrounding countries 
of Germany. 



46 

The following are the prevailing sizes : 
13^x11^x28 and 32. 

2 x2 x28, 30, 32 and 36. 
2>^x2Kx" " " 

3 x3 x" '* " 
33^x33^x" " " 

4 x4 x" " " " 
4Kx4Kx" '' '' 

5 x5 x3G. 

Very little demand for the first two 
sizes, and good decaand for the 2^^ and the 
3. Tlie best lengths are 30 and 32 inches. 

GARD'S DECIMAL SQUARE RULE. 

The following rule will be found indis- 
pensable to all mill men who cut out 
squares, and to yard dealers who sell them. 

By means of the decimal, much time 
and work are saved, 

EXPLANATION OF THE TABLE. 

In the left hand column will be found 
the length in inches, or further down the 
length in feet, and at the top of the page 
you will tind the size of the square, and 
beneath the decimal of each length. When 
you wish to find the contents of any num- 
ber of squares you multiply this number by 



47 

the decimal opposite the length of the 
squares and point off ms many figures as 
there are decimals. The amount before the 
decimal point will be the contents in feet. 

EXAMPLE. 

How many feet are there in 655 pieces 
3x3x30 ? The number opposite this di- 
mension M'ill be found to be 1'875, i. e., 
one foot and eight hundred and seventy-five 
one thousandth of a foot. Multiply first 
by the whole foot — 655 feet, then by the de- 
cimal -875=573,125 ; mark off the 125 and 
you have 573. 655 and 573, contents, 1,228 
feet. If the decimal begin with a 0, as 
•092, you multiply by the 92, but mark off 
three figures just the same. 



48 



L. 


m X m. 


L. 


m X 1%. 


Tn. 


Bee. Ft. 


In. 


Dec. Ft. 


12 


018 


12 


0-22 


18 


.... 0-141 


13 


0-238 


U 


.. 0-151 


14 


2{56 


15 


0-162 


15 


0-275 


If) 


0-173 


16 


293 


17 


0-185 


17 


0-311 


18 


0195 


18 


...... 33 


19 


. . : 206 


19 


.... : 0-848 


20 


215 


20 


0-366 


21 


0-227 


21 


0-385 


22 


288 


22 


.... 0-403 


28 


0-249 


23 


422 


24 


26 


24 


44 


25 


0-271 


25 


0-458 


26 


282 


26 


0-476 


27 


292 


27 


495 


28 


303 


28 


.... 513 


29 


0-314 


29 


0-531 


80 


. . . 825 


30 


.... 55 


81 


0-33(1 


31 


0-568 


82 


. . . . : 0-347 


32 


0-586 


88 


0-358 


33 


... 605 


84 


369 


34 


0-623 


85 


379 


85 


0-641 


36 


0-39 


36 


.... 0-66 


Ft. 




Ft. 





4 


0-52 


4 


0-88 


5 


... 0-651 


5 


1 091 


6 


0-781 


6 


.... 1-82 


7 


0-911 


7 


.... 1-54 


8 


...... 1041 


8 


1-76 


9 


1-171 


9 


1-98 


10 


1 -302 


10 


2-198 


11 


1 431 


11 


2-419 


12 


.. .. 1562 


12 


2-64 



49 



L. 


lY, X 1%. 


L. 


m X m. 


In. 


Dec. Ft. 


In. 


Dec. Ft. 


12 


0-187 


12 


255 


13 


0-203 


13 


0-276 


14 


0-218 


14 


0-297 


15 


0-234 


15 


0-319 


16 


0-25 


16 


0-34 


17 


0-265 


17 


361 


18 


...... 0-281 


18 


0-382 


19 


0-297 


19 


404 


20 


.... 0-312 


20 


0-425 


21 


0-328 


21 


0-446 • 


22 


0-343 


22 


0-467 


28 


0-359 


23 


0-489 


24 


0-375 


24 


0-51 


25 


0-39 


25 


0-531 


26 


0-406 


26 


0-553 


27 


.... 0-421 


27 


0-574 


28 


.... 437 


28 


0-595 


29 


0-453 


29 


0-616 


30 


0-468 


30 


0-638 


31 


0-484 


31 


0-658 


32 


5 


32 


0-68 


33 


0-515 


33 


0-701 


34 


0-531 


84 


0-723 


35 


0-546 


85 


0-744 


30 


.... 0-562 


36 


765 


Ft. 





Ft. 




4 


0-75 


4 


1-02 


5 


0-987 


5 


1-276 


6 


1125 


6 


1-531 


7 


1-312 


7 


1-786 


8 


1-5 


8 


.... 2-041 


9 


1-687 


9 


2-296 


10 


1-875 


10 


2-552 


11 


2 062 


11 


2-807 


12 


2-25 


12 


3-062 



50 



L. 


2X2. 


L. 


2^ X 2^. 


lu. 


Dec. Ft. 


In. 


Dec. Ft. 


12 


0-333 


12 


0-421 


13 


0-361 


13 


457 


14 


0-388 


14 


.... 0-492 


15 


416 


15 


0-527 


IG 


0-444 


16 


0-562 


17 


...... 0-472 


17 


597 


18 


05 


18 


0-632 


19 


0-527 


19 


667 


20 


555 


20 


703 


21 


583 


21 


0-738 


22 


0-611 


22 


0-773 


28 


0-638 


23 


0-809 


24 


0-666 


24 


0-843 


2.-) 


0-694 


25 


0-878 


2C) 


0-722 


26 


914 


27 


75 


27 


0-949 


28 


0-777 


28 


0-984 


29 


0-805 


29 


1019 


30 


0-833 


30 


1054 


31 


0-861 


31 


1 089 


32 


0-888 


32 


1-125 


33 


0-916 


S3 


1-16 


34 


0-944 


1 34 


1-195 


85 


0-972 


' 35 


1-23 


36 


1 


36 


1-26') 


Ft. 




Ff. 




4 


1-333 


! 4 


1-687 


5 


1-666 


i 5 


2-109 


6 


2 


6 


2-531 


7 


.... 2-333 


7 


.... 2-953 


8 


2-666 


8 


3-375 


9 


3- 


9 


3 796 


10 


3-333 


10 


4 218 


11 


3-666 


11 


4-64 > 


12 


4- 


12 


5-062 



51 



L. 1 2i^x2Vf. 


L. 


3X3. 


In. 1 Dec. Ft. 


In. 


Dec. Ft. 


13 


. 52 


12 


0-75 


13 


0-564 


13 


0-812 


14 


. 0-607 


14 


0-875 


15 


0-651 


15 


0-944 


16 


. 0-695 


16 


1- 


17 


. 0-739 


17 


1-062 


18 


0-781 


18 


1-125 


19 ... 


0-824 


19 


1-187 


20 


868 


20 


1-25 


21 


0-911 


21 


1-312 


22 


954 


22 


1 375 


23 .... 


0-998 


23 


1-437 


24 .... 


1041 


24 


1-5 


25 


1085 


25 


1-562 


26 


1 128 


26 


1-625 


27 


1.171 


27 


1687 


28 .... 


1-215 


28 


1-75 


29 


1-258 


29 


1-812 


30 .... 


1-302 


30 


1-875 


31 


1-352 


31 


1-937 


32 


1-388 


32 


2- 


33 


1-432 


33 


2-062 


34 


1-475 


34 


. .. 2-125 


35 


1519 


35 


2-187 


36 


1-562 


36 


2 25 


Ft. 




Ft 




4 


2 083 


4 


3- 


5 .- . 


2-604 


5 


3-75 


6 


3-125 


6 


4-5 


7 


3 645 


7 


5-25 


8 


4-166 


8 


6- 


9 


4 687 


9 


6-75 


10 


5 208 


10 


7-5 


11 


5-729 


11 


8-25 


12 .... 


6-25 


12 


9- 





52 


♦ 


L. 33. 


^X33^. 


L. 


4X4. 


In. D 


ec. Ft. 


In. 


Dec. Ft. 


12 


. 1-02 


12 


1333 


13 


. 1 105 


13 


1-444 


14 . ... 


. 1-19 


14 


1 -555 


15 


. 1-276 


15 


1-666 


16 


1-361 


16 


1-777 


17 


1-446 


17 


1-888 


18 


1-531 


18 


2- 


19 .- . 


1-616 


19 


2-111 


20 


1-701 


, 20 


2-222 


21 


1-786 


21 


2-333 


22 .... 


1-871 


22 


2-444 


23 .... 


1 956 


23 


2-555 


24 .... 


2-041 


24 


2-666 


25 


2 126 


25 


. .. 2-777 


26 


2-211 


26 


2-888 


27 


2-296 


27 


3- 


28 


2-381 


28 


3-111 


39 ... . 


2-467 


29 


3-222 


30 .. . 


2-552 


30 


3 333 


31 


2-637 


31 


3-444 


32 


2-722 


32 


3-555 


33 


2-807 


33 


3-666 


84 ... . 


2-892 


34 


3-777 


35 .... 


2-977 


35 


3-888 


36 .... 


3-062 


36 


4- 


Ft. 




Ft. 




4 


4-083 


4 


5-333 


5 


5-104 


5 


6-666 


6 .... 


6-125 


6 


8- 


7 


7-145 


7 


9-333 


8 


8-166 


8 


10-666 


9 


9-187 


9 


12- 


10 .... 


10-208 


10 


13-333 


11 


11-229 


11 


. .. 14-666 


12 


12 25 


12 


16- 



58 



Doc. Ft. 



1()87 
, 1-828 
1-968 
2-109 
2 25 
2-39 
2-531 
2-671 
2-813 

2 953 

3 093 
3-234 
3-375 
3-515 
3 656 
3-796 
3 937 
4-078 
4-218 
4-359 
4-5 
4-64 
4-781 
4-927 
5-062 

6-75 

8-437 
10-125 
11-812 
13 5 
15-187 
16-875 
18-562 
20-25 



In. 



12 



5X5. 
Dec. Ft. 



13 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 
27 
28 
29 
30 
31 
32 
33 
34 
35 
36 
Ft. 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 
11 






54 



L. 


5>^ X5K2. 


L. 


6X6. 


In. 


Dec. Ft. 


In. 

12 


Dec. Ft. 


i2 


2-52 


3- 


13 


2 73 


13 


. .. 3-25 


14 


2-94 


14 


3-5 


15 


3151 


15 


3-75 


16 


3-361 


16 


4- 


17 


3-571 


17 


. .. 4 25 


18 


3 781 


18 


4-5 


19 


3-991 


19 


4-75 


20 


4-201 


20 


5- 


21 


4411 


21 


5-25 


22 


4-621 


22 


5-5 


23 


4-831 


23 


5-75 


24 


5041 


24 


6- 


25 


5-251 


25 


6-25 


26 


5-461 


26 


6-5 


27 


5-671 


27 


6-75 


28 


5-881 


28 


7- 


29 


6-092 


29 


7-25 


30 


6-302 


30 


7-5 


31 


6-512 


31 


7-75 


32 


6-722 


32 


8- 


33 


6-932 


33 


8-25 


34 


7-142 


34 


8-50 


35 


7-352 


35 


8-75 


36 


7-562 


36 


9- 


Ft. 





Ft. 




4 


10-083 


4 


12- 


5 


12-604 


5 


15- 


6 


15-125 


6 


18- 


7 


17-645 


7 


21- 


8 


20-166 


8 


24- 


9- 


22-687 


9 


.. . . 27- 


10 


25 208 


10 


30- 


11 


27-729 


11 


33- 


12 


30-25 


12 


36- 



55 



PART FOURTH. 



3ivd:iscEXjiL.-£»-n^E:o"crs. 



POINTS IN EXPORTING LOGS AND 
LUMBER. 
The exporter who makes money is not 
the man who sends his stock haphazard 
to some market, not knowing the condition 
of that market. Even at the best, the risk 
is always great, for while any particular 
port may be reported good, there may be on 
the way to that very port enough to over- 
stock it and bring down the prices to a 
point below what it has cost you to land 
your stock. In exporting, like in many 
other things, it is the new shipper who 
breaks the market. He hears that in a cer- 
tain foreign port logs and lumber are scarce 
and that the price obtained at a late sale was 
very high indeed. He at once concludes to 
try a shipment, which he does ; and if he is 



66 



very new, he will put no limit on his stock, 
which gets into the aforesaid port along 
with consignments of a hundred other new 
shippers, and his stock is sold " at the best 
price you can get," which is often so low 
that the indvidual in question has no 
desire to try again. While it is always the 
better plan to sell at home, if a fair price 
is obtainable, yet, if you prefer to try a 
shipment, be careful to have as your com- 
mission dealers in the market to which 
you wish to consign your stock a reliable 
firm who will look after your as well as 
their own interests. Above all else, put a 
limit on your goods. State the very least 
you must get for them, and then, if they 
don't sell, you will at least have the satis- 
faction of knowing that you were not the 
means of a criterion for low prices. If 
each shipper would do this, would hold 
his stock rather than sacrifice it, in order to 
make a sale, the market would soon take 
stock at a paying figure. Again, beware 
of the man or firm who will, by false higli 
prices, induce you to consign your stock, 
as no matter how good your logs or lumber 
are, they are never up to that standard on 



57 

which the false report was based. Again, 
dou't be misled by reported high prices. 
Be careful to first know how much of them 
must come off for expenses, for although 
" free trade " waves on most of the flags over 
those harbors, yet, by the time you foot up 
the "account of sales," you will think there 
is as much protecticm to the square foot as 
can be found at home. 

I cannot but again insist on your send- 
ing nothing but good slock, for, at best, the 
accumulations of years has kept the for- 
eign markets over supplied with what they 
don't want, and when you send any more 
they are not going to pay you a premium 
for your labors. Hence, if you have stock 
to give away, make the donation nearer 
home and save freight. 

CHARCOAL. 

The pernicious custom of burning char- 
coal in the old way, wherein everything of 
value is burned out of the wood, should 
be done away with. We would set that 
man down as a very foolish one indeed 
who would burn a cord of wood, not for 
its heat, but for the ashes he might get from 



58 

it. And yet this is about what our old- 
fasbioned charcoal burners do. They burn 
valuable wood and receive back but very 
little more than the cost of production, 
not counting their wood as worth anything. 
By a new process, all the valuable products 
of the wood are saved to tbe burner. 

A large iron retort is filled with wood 
and heated from beneath, to 500 or 600 de- 
grees. The liquid parts are given off in 
a vapor which, in turn, is conducted 
through an iron worm in the ordinary way 
of distillation. By experiment, ten cords 
of hard Pine yielded 180 bushels of char- 
coal, 16 barrels of creosote oil, 11 barrels 
of acid,and a few gallons of naphtha and 
bitumen. The acid or wood vinegar 
alone paid all the expenses of the experi- 
ment. 

TIMBER LANDS. 

No doubt this little volume will fall 
into the hands of many owners of timber 
lands, and a word of advice may not fall 
amiss to them, especially should they have 
these lands for sale. 

As I have said in another part of the 
book, ** Tell what you have to offer," and 



59 



fell it in a way that your correspondent 
may know what you have. Do not say 
that you Lave a nice body of timber land 
located in this or that portion of Uncle 
Samuel's farm, but write to him something 
definite. Suppose, for instance, 1 have 
500 acres of land located in a hardwocd 
country, and I wish to dispose of it, and 
have found a possible purchaser, who 
writes to know what is on the land. I 
want to convey a description so plain tbat 
he will at once form a picture of the tract 
and sit down and calculate its value to him. 
I would write something like the follow- 
ing : 

Mr. a 



Dear Sir : I have a tract of 500 acres of 
hardwood timber land, located in Hoop- 
pole Township, Posey County, Ind. The 
soil is black, the land rolling, and excel- 
lent for corn when cleared. It lies — miles 

from railroad, with good road to haul 

over. It contains Walnut, Poplar, Ash, 
and Oak. I counted the Walnut, and find 
there are 175 trees that measure over 80 in. 
in circumference — measured with tape 
line, head high. These trees will ave- 



rage four 12 foot logs. There are 300 
Ash trees which measure 75 inches and 
over, and will run. four logs to the tree. 
The Oak is mostly white, and will run 50 
trees to the acre. It will measure 100 
inches and upward, is tall and very 
straight. The Poplar— 3,000 trees — is 
large, very little of it will run less than 
120 inches in circumference, and will ave- 
rage five logs per tree. There are other va- 
rieties of timber, but of not much value. 

The rate of freight to New York is --- 
cents per hundred. You can get good 
lumbermen here at — per day, and two- 
horse teams at — per day. 

For this land I want $ — per acre, — 
cash, balance in — and — years, or as the 
timber is cut off. If this is satisfactory, 
will be pleased to show you the land. 

Respectfully yours, J. S. 

I have said " circumference " instead of 
diameter. The fault with the average man 
is to take the measurement of a tree with 
the tape line, then divide by three, thinking 
to thus find the diameter. It is a mistake, 
as there never was a tree the third of 
whose circumference would indicate the 



61 

diameter of the first log. The heavy bark 
must be taken into consideration. 

When Mr. A. reads this, or what you 
write, he can at once determine whether 
he wants to continue the negotiations. He 
has something definite before him. Never 
exaggerate what your land contains, with 
the hope of making a sale. It puts your 
correspondent to an expense of time and 
money, and nothing is accomplished. The 
above letter is a mild form of one the 
writer once received. It took two days 
and $25 to find out the difference between 
the description and the tract itself, which, 
by the way, proved to be a piece of swamp 
land with a few "scrub" Oaks. 

The writer of the letter we have not had 
the pleasure of meeting since, and in con- 
sequence he is still living, but too mean to 
return the $25. 

POPLAR. 

This valuable wood has had a hard 
struggle to establish itself, but now that 
its worth has been proved, as a fine inside 
trim and for inside doors, not to mention 
its value as a furniture wood and many 
other uses, it will be well to see that it takes 



62 

its poeition tip alongside of other lumber 
which, though no better, now sells much 
higher. If the manufacturers of Poplar 
will prepare it as they should, and take 
proper care of it, and send it in to market 
bright and nice, it will not be long until 
the prices will advance, as even now they 
are advancing. I saw a house, a few days 
ago, finished throughout with Poplar, or, 
as it is incorrectly called here, Whitewood. 
I had to examine very closely before I 
could tell it from a Cherry finish, so nearly 
did it resemble that wood when stained. 
The owner of the house has long used 
Poplar for doors. He claims that he pre- 
fers it to Pine, as when properly kiln 
dried it will hold to place fully as 
well as Pine, and unlike the dead, dull 
look of Pine, it has a bright, cheery ap- 
pearance. Poplar has a great future and 
the wise owner of this wood will see that 
it will bring its value, or he will leave it 
stand a few years longer, as the price can- 
not long remain where it is. 



63 

HOV/ TO RIFT-SAW FLOORING. 

"Why don't you treat on rift-sawing 
flooring ?' asked a Pine dealer just as I 
was ready to write "Ttie End.'' Not 
■wishing to give some one else's theory, I 
went at once to a mill, and after much ex- 




perimenting, I hit upon a plan, and was 
happily surprised, when it had been practi- 
cally tested, to find that nearly every board 
in ilic log sawed showed a tine grain. 



64 

The plan is so simple and so easily fol- 
lowed that no one need say that it takes 
too long and is too much trouble to rift 
saw flooring ! It can be done as fast as 
the old way. 

Take, for example, a 22 inch log, slab 
enough to give a face to set on the head 
blocks solidly. If you wish to cut 3)^ in. 
flooring, you take off a slab, then cut two 
33^ in. flitches, which brings you to within 
about two inches of the heart. As the grain 
is now a perfect quarter, you can saw out 
four one inch boards. The other half of the 
log can be sawed into two d^ inch flitches 
as before. These cants or flitches are 
next placed upon the carriage and ripped 
into flooring thickness. The four center 
boards being already rift grain, can be sawed 
into the required width. If you have gang 
saws, these cants are readily run through. 
There is no occasion for first squaring the 
log, as the flitches can be handled quite 
as readily as though squared. Larger or 
smaller logs can be sawed in the same pro- 
portion as my example. It will be found 
that more comb grain or rift lumber can be 
sawed from a log in this way than by any 
other, and in half the time. Try it. 



65 

A VALUABLE TALLY BOOK. 
One of the most complete tally books I 
have ever seen is the one published by 
'A. A. Brown, editor of the Lumber Worker, 
62 Longworth st., Cincinnati, Ohio. It 
contains everything, from a great multipli- 
cation table, by which you can count up the 
tally of a car load of lumber in a very few 
minutes, down through all the necessary 
things to keep as record. No yard dealer, 
wholesale operator or commission man can 
afford not to send Mr. Brown fifty cents 
for a copy. 



INDEX 



PAGE 

Saw the tree down 7 

How to mark off logs 7 

Cut the log straight across 8 

Don't be stingy 8 

Logs should be hewn 8 

How to dress a log 9 

Paint the ends 9 

Logs should be ni£.rketed as soon as hewed ... 9 

How to haul logs 10 

Logs or lumber ? 12 

Tell what you have to sell and what you want 

for it 13 

How to write 13 

Poplar Logs 15 

Cherry logs 16 

When to cut timber 16 

Gard's Log Rule 18 

Part Second 23 

How to saAV a Walnut log 25 

Saw full thickness 27 

Saw even thickness 27 

How to stick lumber 28 

Use narrow strips 29 

To dry lumber fast 29 

How to ship lumber 31 

Tell Avhat's in a car 32 

Send but one grade 33 

Send but one thickness 33 

Don't sell what you cannot furnish 34 

What railroad to patronize 35 

Lighterage free 35 

Weight of lumber 37 



67 

PART THIRD. 

PAGE 

Squares 41 

Newels 43 

Sizes of squares 43 

New York squares 43 

Balusters 43 

Table legs, newels 44 

Philadelphia sizes 44 

Sizes fOx- English and German markets 45 

Card's decimal square rule 46 

table 48 

PART FOURTH. 
Miscellaneous. 

Points in exporting logs and lumber 55 

Charcoal 57 

Timber lands 58 

Poplar 61 

How to rift-saw flooring 63 

Tally book 65 



WALNUT LOGS^^^^^^^^^^^ 



AND 



-HARMQOD LUMBER 
S. H. GARD'S SONS, 

10 EAST UTH ST. NEW YORK. 



FOR BOOKS, 

Address, 

ANSON A. GARD, 

PRODUCE EXCHANGE BUILDING, 

Room 210. New York. 



THE NEW YORK 

Lumber Trade Journal 

IS PUBLISHED 

BY 

^ LUMBERMEN ^ 

thoroughly posted, who know the 

Wants^Conditions of the Market, 

AND ITS COLUMNS CONTAIN 

the most accurate and reliable trade 

news of any Journal published 

in the Country. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



■ 



017 110 961 9* 



